Three grizzly bears and 26 black bears were collared and monitored in the Cabinet Mountains from 1983 to 1988. Monitoring was done chiefly during spring and fall.

Grizzly bears used habitat within 914 m from an open road less than expected, and habitat within 122 m from a trail less than expected.

The mean distance of grizzly bear locations to as seasonally closed road significantly increased when the road was opened.

The study concludes: "Grizzly bear avoidance of high quality habitat near roads and trails may lessen the opportunity for individuals to obtain food and increase intraspecific competition by further forcing bears into limited remote habitat" (p. 84).