Mace, Waller, Manley, Ake, Wittinger Richard D., John S., Timothy L., Katherine, William T. Landscape evaluation of grizzly bear habitat in western Montana. 1999 Journal of Conservation Biology 13(2):367-377

The authors attempt to determine the cumulative effects from human activities on grizzly bear habitat in the Northern Continental Divide Ecosystem of western Montana. A logistic regression model incorporating telemetry data, TM satellite imagery (greeness), elevation, human activity points, and roads/trails was used to model probable resource selection by female grizzly bears. The authors found that adult female grizzly bears were positively associated with low and mid-elevation habitats during the spring, and mid- to high elevations in summer and fall. Coefficients for greeness were during all seasons. They also found that logistic regression coefficients were negative for all road and human activity variables. Summer and fall coefficients also showed a negative association with roads, human activity, and trail variables. Through imagery and extrapolation, they were able to determine areas where habitat restoration would have the greatest benefit. They found that low elevation spring habitats with high road densities and private lands where urbanization had occurred had the greatest potential for restoration. They recommed reductions in road densities in seasonal habitat, and maintaing habitat function on private lands.



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