| Mattson, Knight, Blanchard | D.J., R., B.M. | The effects of development and primary roads on grizzly bears in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. | 1987 | Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7:259-273 |
Roads and developments displace bears, and especially impact subadults and adult females. Important spring habitat is found within 1.0 km of roads.
Bears avoided habitat within 3 km of developments, and within 2 km of roads in summer, and up to 4 km of roads in fall.
Bears orient toward high productive habitat, avoid other bears, and avoid humans. Because they are displaced toward humans by adult males, adult females are most affected by roads and developments, which are manifest in both higher mortality risks, and lower fecundity.