| McLellan, Shackleton | B.N., D.M. | Grizzly bears and resource extraction industries: effects of roads on behaviour, habitat use, and demography. | 1988 | Journal of Appl. Ecol. 25:451-460 |
Twenty-seven grizzly bears along the North Fork of the Flathead were collared and monitored between April 1979 and November 1985.
Bears used habitat within 100 m of a road less than expected. Bears used habitat 250 m to 1,000 m from a road greater than expected.
The bear's avoidance of roads was independent of traffic volume; even a few vehicles was sufficient to displace bears.
Roads increase access for both legal and illegal hunters, a major source of bear mortalities.
The study verified that the bears were avoiding roads, not just the types of habitat found near roads.