“All 95 human-caused [grizzly bear] mortalities with known accurate locations were within 500m of roads or 200m of trails. Eighy percent of these mortalities occurred below 2000m. Kills were concentrated at Banff townsite, Lake Louise, and along the Trans Canada Highway. Management of development, trail access, and human food and garbage are critical for managing grizzly bear mortality in the national parks. We present specific recommendations.” (Abstract)

“Managements actions and vehicle and train collisions accounted for 71% and 19%, respectively, of the 119 human-caused grizzly bear deaths.” (215)

“Road mortality declined during 1985-98 even though traffic volumes increased. We have no definitive data to explain this; however, one likely cause is that the highway was fenced in stages to keep wildlife off the highway. Also, traffic became disturbed over a 24-hour period and may become so continous as to act as a barrier to bears crossing unfenced portions of the corridor.” (218)

“... we found that a high proportioin of mortalities occurred during the berry season. In mid-July to early October, grizzlies in the Central Rockies Ecosystem feed primarily on buffaloberry... at lower elevation, often along roads and near people.” (215)

“Effective legislation and enforcement should be employed with respect to food and garbage handling. All backcountry users should be required to store food, garbage, and horse feed in bear-proof metal or seamless PVC containers, or effectively elevate attractants between trees or isolate camp within an effective portable electric fence.” (219)

“The use of aversive conditioning programs on roadside- and campground- habituated bears, especially females, should be increased.” (219)