“Relative to available habitat, wolves use more of the following for den site locations: valley bottoms and lower slopes, flat to moderate slopes, south and east aspects, depositional landforms, and sites close to trails, far from human habitation and activity, and close to meadows and other openings.” (abstract)

“Distance to nearest road did not appear to be a factor in wolf den site use. However, many of the roads I identified, including those nearest to den sites, were not heavily traveled, nor even open year round.” (47)

“Land managers may want to consider that once an established pack is in an area, there is a high probability that the wolves will use the same denning area that they have in years past. For these traditional denning areas in particular, but in other areas as well... managers should strongly consider the following policy:
1) Minimize open road densities...
2) Maintain adequate cover in places suitable for denning.
3) Be alert to the effect of human occupancy in proximity to wolf denning areas. On public land, work camps, permanent structures, and similar facilities which are operational at least from winter to early summer (June) are probably best located a minimum of 7 to 10 km from any traditional denning area. If possible, they should also be located away from valley bottoms and areas where mosaics of meadow and timber make attractive habitat for both prey animals and wolves.” (52-53)

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