p. 125

We conducted 32 pen tests involving 19 sheep wearing LLPC’s. Twelve coyotes (6 males, 6 females) with mean weights of 10.8 kg (range= 8.9-12.2 kg) made 14 attacks directed at throats of collared sheep; LLPC’s were punctured in 10 (71%) attacks. All 10 coyotes that punctured collars died. Of the 10 collars punctured, 5 occurred on the first, 3 on the second, and 1 each on the third and seventh attacks on sheep by any single coyote.

p. 126

Most coyotes attacked collared lambs repeatedly during tests until they punctured a collar and were killed by the toxicant. This corroborates earlier findings that coyotes are not repelled by and do not learn aversion to LPC’s or collared sheep (Connoly and Burns 1990). Coyotes that puncture collars on sheep are not deterred even when the collars contain repellent or aversive agents (Burns et al. 1984).

Important factors related to the efficacy of the collar are the number of collars punctured and the number of coyotes killed during throat attacks on collared livestock.

The LLPC should be more efficient that the LPC in reducing coyote predation on sheep and goats weighing >22.7kg.