"Livestock death losses are common in the late winter and spring on ranch lands along the RMF, and have been over the past century since the front was first settled. It is likely that livestock carrion to some degree took the place of dwindling winter-kill wild ungulate carrion such as bison and elk, available to grizzly bears and other carnivores across the high plains before the homestead era. Livestock carrion is an important traditional protein source for RMF bears, especially in the spring."(12)

"The removal of livestock carcasses from potentially high conflict areas and redistributing carrion to remote seasonal habitats has contributed significantly to reducing grizzly-human conflicts along the RMF. Our results have shown that there is no correlation between grizzlies feeding on livestock carcasses and the same bears being prone to prey on livestock."(12)

"Permanent electric fence systems built before 1991 were 100% effective as deterrents against access and damage by bears during the report period…. Grizzly bears caused damage to unprotected apiaries in nine incidents outside the recovery line at sites within 1 km of electric fenced apiaries not damaged."(12)

"At a large 16 ha electric-fenced sheep bedding ground and one feedlot carcass disposal site, the number of documented grizzly bear attempts to access sites, including observations and sign of bears in the vicinity declined substantially, and by 1994 there was no evidence that grizzlies had moved out to the feedlot north of Choteau. In two instances a grizzly bear preyed on sheep that were left outside the fenced bedding ground during the night."(12-13)