"Vila et al. (1992) noted an increase in nocturnal behavior in wolves in areas where human pressures were high, and suggested that this nocturnal behavior could be the result of wolves trying to reduce interactions with people."(854)

"We compared coyote activity patterns estimated using radio-tracking locations between 1983 and 1988 with those documented between 1996 and 1997 on the Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site in southeastern Colorado, to test the hypothesis that changes in exposure to human persecution would result in changes in coyote activity patterns."(854)

"This study area was used primarily for cattle ranching prior to 1982 and, thus, predator populations (mostly coyotes and swift foxes (Vulpes velox)) had been subjected to trapping and shooting for >50 years….In 1987 and 1988, an estimated 50 and 63%, respectively, of the coyotes on the study site were removed using helicopter gunning (E.M. Gese and O.J. Rongstad). Thus, coyotes tracked between 1983 and 1988 had experienced trapping and hunting by ranchers immediately prior to the monitoring period and intensive removal efforts during the final 2 years of the field study. In contrast, coyotes tracked during the 1996-1997 field study experienced some disturbance from army maneuvers that occurred in the area but had not been exposed to direct persecution (e.g., shooting) for 8 years."(854)

"The average rate of diurnal movement of the coyotes in the 1996-1997 field study was significantly higher than that of the coyotes in the 1983-1988 field study. This occurred despite no significant increase in the overall (24h) rate of movement of the coyotes between the two field studies. Movement rates in crepuscular hours were slightly, although not significantly, higher in the 1983-1988 field study than in the 1996-1997 field study, and movement in nocturnal hours were not significantly different between the two studies."(855)

"There was no significant difference between the frequency of occurrence of diurnally versus nocturnally active mammalian prey species in the diets of coyotes in any season or overall between the 1983-1988 and 1996-1997 field studies."(855)

"Since human activity often occurs during diurnal hours, coyotes on the PCMS during the 1983-1988 field study responded to human exploitation by restricting their diurnal movements. Historically, the exploitation experienced by these coyotes was direct, mostly shooting- a form of persecution to which they could not become habituated and thus avoided. After a period of 8 years during which the coyote population experienced almost no direct human persecution, diurnal movement increased significantly. The disturbance experienced by the coyotes during the 1996-1997 field study involved the execution of army maneuvers on portions of the site, not direct persecution. Such indirect disturbance permits habituation and is unlikely to necessitate avoidance."(856)