"Young and old animals of each species generally had lower survival rates than prime-aged animals (Kunkel and Pletscher 1999)."(6)

"Cougars (33% of all mortalities) and wolves (24% of all mortalities) were the most common causes of mortalities (n=42) in white tailed deer; cougars (43%) and humans (21%) were the most common cause of mortalities (n=28) in elk; and grizzlies (24%) and wolves (24%) were the most common cause of mortalitites (n=21) in moose."(7)

"Almost all mortalities we examined where we could determine the cause of death were due to predation."(7)

"Survival rates reported here for adults are only slightly lower than those reported for the same species in other areas. Recruitment rates, however, were considerably lower than necessary to maintain a constant population size."(7)

"Coyotes were killed by wolves and mountain lions, and generally occurred in lower numbers than prior to wolf re-establishment in GNP (Arjo 1998). These declines in predator numbers may allow prey numbers to increase in the next few years."(7)