"The abundance of moose or moose carcasses did not appear to change during the study. Moose indices varied little during the 5-year study, with no significant change between years in summer or winter periods."(1514)

"During the 5-year study, deer numbers increased in each region in summer, as shown by comparing deer track counts in 1990 and 1991 with those in previous years."(1514)

"The population and behaviour of the wolves varied in response to the differences in the relative abundance of deer. Average wolf density per region varied, being higher in region C (5.2 wolves/100 km2) and region A (3.8 wolves/100 km2). Aggregated data over the 5-year study suggested that deer abundance and wolf density were positively correlated in winter and summer."(1515)

"In 1990-1991 and 1991-1992, 8 of the 10 region C wolf packs (80%)spent extended periods, ranging from several weeks to months, outside of natal territories. This wolf movement was related to the seasonal emigration of park deer to a deer yard located 15 km from the park…. In region A, extraterritorial movement was not recorded, possibly because a migratory deer population was not present to draw wolves beyond established territories."(1515)

"Wolves fed predominantly on moose year-round in all regions. Analysis of scat data indicated that in winter, consumption of moose biomass was greater than of other species. Amalgamating all years, wolf use of moose in winter ranged by region from 26.6 to 49.2% frequency of occurrence and from 64.6 to 87.3% total biomass."(1515)

"The use of deer by wolves in winter was high considering deer were at relatively low population levels in all regions."(1515)

"Analysis of the winter carcasses indicated that Algonquin wolves were mainly scavenging moose and killing deer. Of 41 moose carcasses involving wolf activity, 9 (22%) had been killed by wolves and 29 (71%) scavenged after death from non-wolf-related causes…. Moose dying from tick- or wolf-related sources were in near-starvation condition, with bone marrow fat content averaging 42.3%."(1516)

"Data from 50 winter deer carcasses indicated wolf predation was the major cause of death (43 cases; 86%), followed by unknown causes (7 cases; 14%). The average fat content in femur marrow of depredated deer carcasses was 94.3%."(1516)

"Moose are an important food item for Algonquin wolves, but the wolves appeared to effect only a minor impact on moose in the park. The wolves relied on scavenged moose for at least one-third of the year; less than 25% of winter moose carcasses had been killed by wolves, the remaining three-quarters having died in association with tick-related hair loss and been then scavenged by wolves. The low average percent fat content of moose killed by wolves, 33.4 (+-9.9, n=7), indicated malnutrition and suggested that the wolves were relying on the more vulnerable individuals in the population."(1517)

"The migration of wolves to follow deer out of the park in winter was dependent on the density of deer overwintering in the park…. Park wolves began excursions to the deer yard when deer densitiesfell below 0.02/km2. The excursions occurred with no evidence that a concurrent decline in the availability of moose carcasses to scavenge had prompted movement."(1517)

"The average pack size was the same in region A, where moose are the only ungulate available, as in areas with abundant deer. The steady increase in deer in the Algonquin region, and of two of the regions in the park, suggests that wolves are not preventing the overall growth of the larger, regional deer population. There was evidence, however, that a small segment of the deer population which, on occasion, overwinters in the park may be especially vulnerable to park wolves."(1518)

"In region C, where pockets of deer were recorded in some winters, in winter 1992-1993 there was an estimated ratio of 58 wolves per 100 deer if all wolves in the region are included and 24 wolves per 100 deer if only wolves from packs with overwintering deer are included. The high degree of interterritory trespassing in the region appeared to be related to wolves searching for overwintering deer, therefore the higher ratio may be more appropriate. Either of these ratios is much higher than the 1.6-4.6 wolves per 100 deer in other studies where deer were the primary food source and wolves were considered to be limiting the deer population(Keith 1983; Messier 1991). The Algonquin Park deer population is increasing despite wolf densities typical of those in many systems, and we suspect that the high predation levels are only impacting the small isolated segments of the deer population that overwinter in the park."(1518)

"The use of beaver in Algonquin Park, as high as 15% of total biomass in summer and winter, may reflect the small size of the Algonquin wolf or the variability in ungulate abundance in this system."(1519)