"Elk were the primary prey species for wolves, making up 90% of the probable and positive kills by wolves. Deer made up the final 10% of wolf kills (likely underestimated due to rapid consumption of deer carcasses)." (2)

"Age distribution of elk killed by wolves showed a selection for calves, with 58% of all elk kills made up of that age class. Calves were taken well out of proportion to their relative abundance (estimated at 17%). In adult elk, sex distribution of kills was skewed towards females (79%)." (2)

"As with wolves, cougars took a disproportionate amount of calves, with 60% of the elk preyed upon comprised of that age class. Adults accounted for 30% of the elk killed by cougars, followed by yearlings at 10%."(2)