"Species specific livestock losses to predation ranged from 0.6 to 1.6% yearly; 10% died from disease."(360)

"Different predators attacked different species of livestock preferentially and not according to their availability. Decreased depredation coincided with increased wild ungulate numbers. Depredation losses were linked to poor vigilance by herdsman and inadequate manyatta (i.e., village) fence construction."(360)

"Many protected areas are not fully functioning ecological systems. Survival of many wildlife species depends on their ability to disperse outside protected boundaries onto settled lands. This often results in conflict with agricultural and pastoral communities."(360)

"Sheep, goats, and calves were herded by young boys. Lambs, kids, and sick livestock were grazed close to the "manyatta" and cared for by young children and women. Cattle were herded away from the "manyatta" by the men and older boys each morning and returned before dusk."(361)

"The Masai constructed "bomas" (thorn fences) of Croton spp. and Acacia spp. shrubs to enclose livestock. Fences were seldom >1m thick, frequently =<0.5m thick, and normal fence construction was not strong enough to prevent predators from entering. The Masai only strengthened fences after a predator attack. Strongly reinforced bomas were present only where depredation was frequent."(361)

"Livestock were often moved to another site when depredation became frequent; i.e., =>2 attacks per week."(362)

"Injuries and kills amounted to 0.6% of 42,743 cattle, 0.9% of 29,371 sheep, 1.6% of 5,833 goats and 1.3% of 1,263 donkeys. From interviews, the Masai claimed that they lost 2.7% of 79,210 livestock to predators and 10% to disease each year."(362-363)

"To minimize livestock depredation when densities of wild ungulates are low, increased effort may be required to protect livestock, including fence improvements using wire fencing (Kruuk, 1980), and increased vigilance during grazing."(363)