"Although (guard animals) may work well for coyotes and foxes, because of the size and pack nature of wolves, llamas (as well as guard dogs) are at risk of being killed by wolves."(10)

"Guard dogs have long been used in Europe, but their success depends on the shepherding techniques in those countries. Shepherds remain with the flocks and work with the dogs to protect the stock. In the United States, where livestock often move unattended, guard dogs have not been shown to reduce depredation by wolves."(10)

Electric fences: Need to be 6-7 feet tall to restrict wolf access. Practical only for small enclosures. When utilized to enclose a pasture, these may restrict movement of other wildlife aside from wolves. (10)