Aversive Stimuli:
Wolves were penned with calves, each fitted with a collar. When a wolf comes within one meter of a calf, it receives an electrical shock. "Protected calves have remained untethered in the wolf pens overnight, and wolves have not attempted to kill calves after one conditioning event."(112)

Sound Activated Aversive Conditioning collar (SAAC): responds to the sound of a bell worn by free-range livestock to deliver an electric shock. "the attachment of an inexpensive bell to livestock and SAAC collars to relatively few predators may be an economically favorable alternative."(113) Still in nascent stages of development

Disruptive Stimuli:
Utilizes lights and sirens to elicit a fear response in predators. Behavior-contingent disruptive stimulus devices have been used on a limited basis. When wolves with radio collars enter a pasture, they are met by flashing lights and a loud siren (110 db), which is activated by a wolf crossing into, or traveling immediately adjacent to a pasture. Initial results seem favorable. In Idaho, 100 cow-calf pairs were in a protected pasture for one month, with no predation losses. "After one month, approximately half of the cattle were moved from the protected pasture into an adjacent pasture (5km away). The night the cattle were moved from the protected pasture, one calf was killed in the unprotected pasture. No kills occurred in the protected pasture, but 3 calves were killed in the unprotected pasture before lethal control was required to end the predation."(115)

"The most important aspect to realize regarding the development of alternative methods of predator control is that there is no one method that will always work in all situations.