"ASC9000 by Avian Systems" senses presence of wolves’ radio collars, and activates a strobe light, and speaker that broadcasts the sounds of gunfire, yelling humans, and helicopters. (3)

"the best management is adaptive, nimbly adjusting methods to situations, and adjusting again when the situation changes."(4)

Disruptive Stimuli: more effective when they are activated in response to undesirable behaviors rather than simply randomized.(4)

Aversive Stimuli: e.g., use of rubber bullets to harass wolves away from livestock (4)
-use of electronic training collars to train wolves away from livestock predation (5)
-CTA: "A strong aversion to a tainted meat bait does not necessarily translate to a strong aversion to killing live prey."(5)
"effectiveness (of CTA) for wolves and coyotes in field situations was never unequivocally demonstrated…. Thus, in the U.S., no one has spent the money and effort to acquire chemical registrations from the Environmental Protection Agency for applying the conditioned taste aversion concept (using lithium chloride) in wolf ranges."(5)

Husbandry methods: "limitations of husbandry methods for protection: they impact the animals that are being protected and the people that are protecting them."(6)
"A calf won’t gambol and gain weight if it is stressfully shuttled from area to area or back and forth to pens"(6)
-Guard Dogs: "Ray Coppinger examined the use of guard dogs for wolf predation with some success. Reports from Europe are also optimistic. However, wildlife managers in the western United States have not been so successful, so far, using guard animals with wolves."(6)
-Removal of Carrion: "The size of the livestock operation and proximity to people seemed to be more important (than absence of carrion in discouraging livestock predation by wolves), so removing carcasses alone is not enough, as wolves living on rangeland will discover livestock eventually, whether they are living or dead."(6)

Barriers: "Electrical fencing is possible and solves many of the problems of chain link fencing, but its maintenance requirements are a little higher since even a small amount of vegetation can short out the system…. Therefore, if physical barriers are economically feasible at all, they are probably most appropriate in small areas, such as calving grounds and bedding grounds."(6)

"even though no one non-lethal method will always work, I believe that en masse, we really do have answers and ability."(7)

"based on 1999 figures reported by National Agricultural Statistics Service, 39% of cattle operations, 88% of sheep operations, and 63% of goat operations use non-lethal control methods. This translates to $3 million spent on non-lethal methods for cattle, $4 million for sheep and lambs and over $700,000 for goats."(7)