"Wildlife managers can reduce wildlife damages to agriculturaql crops or predation on livestock by exploiting an animal’s tendency to avoid foraging in risky areas."(229)

"Fear-provoking stimuli are any objects that increase an animal’s wariness or fear. They can be visual (e.g., predator models or scarecrows), auditory (e.g., distress calls, loud noises), or olfactory stimuli (e.g., predator urines)."(229)

"Spotlights, flashing lights, and strobe lights are often used to repel nocturnal animals. Unfortunately, these lights are often ineffective or work for only a short period of time (Koehler et al. 1990; Andelt et al. 1997).

"Habituation is the main factor that limits the effectiveness of fear-provoking stimuli as a method to resolve human-wildlife conflicts."(236)