"With the strengthening of the conservation ethic during the twentieth century, carnivores are no longer perceived simply as ‘vermin,’ but as a key and valued part of the ecological community. This change, however, is not necessarily taking place among people living near wild carnivores."(283)

"This move towards community-based conservation is clearly essential for carnivore conservation. If a problem exists between human and carnivore communities then seeking ‘solutions’ that do not involve local communities is futile, as only the human communities have the ability to ameliorate the situation by changing their own behavior or that of the carnivores."(283)

"The greatest source of human-carnivore conflict is, however, competition for resources, whether this is for land, man’s domestic animals, his crops (e.g. European Badgers Meles meles) or for prey species."(284)

"Large cats, particularly tigers (Panthera tigris), lions (Panthera leo) and mountain lions (Felis concolor), account for the most human deaths by predators."(285)

"Increasing human use of areas previously used predominantly only by wildlife is a common underlying problem explaining increases in big cat attacks."

"Interestingly, grey wolves (Canis lupus) seem to have a particular public relations problem in this regard. Although they have caused no human deaths in North America during the twentieth century (unlike mountain lions) and livestock losses are very low, wolves are often blamed for livestock attacks and are still widely and irrationally feared (Keller et al. 1996)."(285)

"Predation by carnivores on livestock is the root of a deeply ingrained hatred for carnivores throughout the world, with every domestic species from chickens to cattle being affected. Indeed, livestock predation was the most frequently cited reason (40%) for problems between humans and carnivores in our questionnaire."(286)

"First, thanks to human protection, domestic animals exhibit little effective anti-predator behaviour, making them particularly vulnerable to predators (Kruuk 1972a). In addition, livestock compete with wild herbivores for resources and thus can reduce the abundance or alter the distribution or behaviour of wild prey, thus changing the pattern of wild carnivore predation."(286)

"The carnivore-livestock conflict, particularly in the developed world, has been exacerbated by a change in husbandry during the nineteenth century, especially in areas where these carnivores are recolonising or have been reintroduced. Domestic animals are now rarely herded or guarded by dogs whilst grazing and thus are more vulnerable to predation. Furthermore, stockmen have lost the tradition of coexistence with large predators and modern protective legislation for carnivores is not matched by a positive co-operative attitude (Breitenmoser, 1998a)."(287)

"In our questionnaire survey, [predation on game species] is the second most common (15%) reason for conflict cited, and deer hunters are among the most vocal opponents to the reintroduction of lynx and wolves in Europe and North America."(287)

"The ever-increasing demand for land for agriculture, timber, minerals, new roads, buildings and recreational development leads to wildlife habitat loss and fragmentation and results in increased contact and problems between large carnivores and people…. Human induced mortality in nominally protected populations of lions and grizzly bears reaches 50% to 89% (Woodroffe and Ginsberg, 1998)."(289)

"Novel ideas for the co-management of habitat and wildlife with local communities are increasingly seen as the way forward for conservation, particularly outside protected areas. These frequently involve improving the economic benefits to communities from wildlife."(292)

"Traditionally, tourism is a good strategy for established conservation areas, with east and southern Africa abounding with examples where safari tourism has become a major source of income."(293-294)

"A novel approach to hunting is the non-consumptive or ‘green’ hunts of large carnivores, similar to that attempted in Zimbabwe. There, hunters pay to dart and anaesthetise an elephant, take a cast of its tusks and a picture before reviving the animal. Arguably, it is as challenging and even more dangerous than using firearms. However, it is uncertain whether hunters would generally consider this bloodless alternative to traditional hunting favourably and whether animals might be unduly stressed. Activities could be co-ordinated with the removal of problem animals or research projects, and perhaps also subsidise these."(295)

"Unfortunately, although in many circumstances a compensation system alleviates the direct losses to farmers, it does have disadvantages. First, it does nothing to reduce the problem and encourages and acknowledges a state of constant conflict. This is particularly true where only a few farmers suffer the vast majority of losses. Secondly, it does not encourage the improvement of management systems although this may be alleviated if compensation criteria are modified. Lastly, in some circumstances it can be extremely expensive."(297)

"Employment with conservation, research, or hunting activities can provide an opportunity for ‘poachers to turn gamekeepers’."(297)

"Through community education local pride and awareness can be enhanced and effective conservation promoted. Thus by broadening people’s understanding of the environment, their concern for the plight of endangered species and ecosystems can be heightened and this can lead them into action for long-term conservation (Dietz and Nagagata, 1995). Recommendations to include the local community include targeting key groups with education programmes, building support through the use of spokes-people within the target groups, integrating human and ecological concerns and, if possible, designing species-specific education initiatives using the species as a flagship for other conservation concerns."(298)

"When used to directly protect people or their livestock, electric fences can be relatively cheap and effective."(300)

"Guard dogs, donkeys, or even llamas (lama glama), have been trained to live with herds and identify with calves or sheep and deter most predators, even when humans are absent."(302-303)